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Clinical Evaluation of Abnormal Urination in Small Animals
Abnormal urination, encompassing changes in frequency, volume, control, or character, serves as a primary clinical indicator of various systemic and urogenital diseases. This article outlines the diagnostic framework for investigating lower and upper urinary tract dysfunction in dogs and cats.
Clinical summary
- Clinical signs
- Polyuria, polydipsia, stranguria, pollakiuria, hematuria, periuria, urinary incontinence, and abnormal urine odor or color.
- Possible causes
- Etiologies include urinary tract infections (UTI), urolithiasis, neoplasia, metabolic diseases (e.g., diabetes mellitus, Cushing's disease), neurological impairment, and behavioral issues.
- Diagnostic approach
- Comprehensive diagnostic approach includes history taking, physical examination, complete blood count, serum biochemistry, urinalysis (with sediment examination), urine culture, and diagnostic imaging (radiography, ultrasonography).
- Management
- Treatment is directed at the underlying primary condition. Strategies involve antibiotic therapy, surgical removal of calculi, dietary modification, metabolic stabilization, or behavioral modification protocols.
References
- [1]Bartges, J.W. and Polzin, D.J.. Nephrology and Urology of Small Animals (2011)
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